Mars (1968)

An artistic dramatization of the events of 1877.

Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli discovered the so-called channels on Mars.

Sketches of channels.

Portrait of Giovanni Schiaparelli.

Portrait of Percival Lowell, American astronomer.

Photos of the Percival Lowell Observatory.

Russian translations of books by Percival Lowell, in which he described a fascinating theory about the Martian civilization.

Quotes from Lowell's opponents.

The launch of a space rocket.

Image of the Soviet Mars-1 spacecraft.

Collage of books on the topic of space research.

Books by the Soviet scientist G.A. Tikhov.

Alternation of scientific articles on the topic of Mars exploration.

Works of science fiction about Martians.

A modern telescope.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences V.I. Moroz measured the temperature on the surface of Mars at the observatory in the Crimea.

A cartoon explaining the dynamics of temperature on Mars during the day.

A scientist watches the cosmos through a telescope.

An atmosphere has been detected on Mars.

Spectroscopy of sunlight reflected by the atmosphere of Mars.

Approximate composition of the atmosphere of Mars.

Oxygen has not been found on Mars.

V.I. Moroz studies the atmosphere of Mars.

An image of the American Mars exploration vehicle Mariner-4.

A cartoon explaining the method by which Mariner-4 studied the density of the atmosphere of Mars.

Diagram of the density of the Earth's atmosphere.

Cartoon explaining the density of the atmosphere of Mars on practical examples.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences N.A. Kozyrev conducts visual observations of Mars at the Pulkovo Observatory.

Photo of the surface of Mars with the image of dark spots, conventionally called seas.

Real seas shine under the rays of the sun even in space.

Dark surfaces on Mars don't shine.

The main water supply on Mars seems to be contained in the polar caps.

A cartoon explaining the total amount of water on Mars compared to Earth.

A cartoon visually explaining the possibility of life on Mars.

A biologist behind a microscope observes a living cell.

Fluid in the cells of a living organism.

Ocean.

Ocean coast.

Panorama of the rocky ocean coast.

Plants in the desert.

Baobab.

Cacti.

A cartoon explaining the use of water by sunflower in its life cycle.

In the conditions of Mars, the amount of water required by the plant in comparison with the Earth is significantly reduced.

Desert.

Gerbil.

Monitor lizard.

Drawings of a kangaroo rat.

Iceberg.

Glaciers of the Arctic.

A mountain range with icy peaks.

Alpine lobelia.

Winter forest.

The biologist takes out the larvae of corn talc from the frozen corn.

In laboratory conditions, the larvae are cooled to the temperature of liquid helium, minus 269 degrees.

After warming up, the larvae come to life.

Penguin.

Higher animals are heated from the inside, they create their own environment necessary for the normal functioning of their organism.

A flock of penguins with cubs.

Hot springs, geysers.

Algae living in such sources have a special protein that does not curdle at high temperatures.

In the water sample from the bottom of the Black Sea, where there is no oxygen at all, and the water is saturated with hydrogen sulfide, there are living beings.

An oil well.

There are living beings in the oil that has just been lifted from the bowels of the Earth.

Nuclear reactor.

Containers with sulfuric acid.

Mountains.

Bacterial spores do not die even in space.

Leningrad Institute of Cytology, Laboratory of Space Biology, Doctor of Biological Sciences L.K. Lozino-Lozinsky works.

Scientists have created an installation that simulates Martian conditions.

E.I. Zaar, the creator of the installation.

Corn moth larvae and nematodes, infusoria are laid in the installation.

The movement of infusoria under the microscope.

The air is removed from the chamber, nitrogen is injected.

The pressure is like on Mars.

An automatic day and night shift program is enabled.

At low pressure, cold water boils in the installation.

Special lamps of ultraviolet radiation.

A Martian night in a cell.

Panorama of Leningrad at night.

Laboratory.

An installation simulating Martian conditions.

Pedestrians on the street.

Samples are removed from the installation.

The larvae died.

The infusoria are alive.

At night they fell into suspended animation, during the day they lived a normal life and even multiplied.

Life on Mars is possible.

The telescope is observing the cosmos.

Academician N.P. Barbashev observes the cosmos.

Photos of planets.

Images of Mars taken by the Mariner-4 spacecraft.

They are not enough to search for living beings.

Images of the Earth from space taken from the same distance.

A cartoon showing the movement of Mars around the Sun.

Spring is on Earth.

High water.

Accelerated shooting of the appearance of leaves on a tree.

Vegetation changes color.

Changing the color of the surface of Mars in the spring.

Fantasies about the growth of plants on the surface of Mars.

Bright spots on Mars, according to scientists, are lifeless deserts.

By analogy with the Moon, dark spots can be dark lava against the background of light mountains.

You can also imagine dark rocks among the bright desert.

In the pictures, light and dark spots have the same relief.

It was possible to measure the temperature of dark and light areas separately.

The dark ones were warmer.

Living foliage is colder than stones.

Dark stones are warmer than light ones.

The rocks are stationary, but the dark areas on Mars are changing.

Examples.

Inanimate things can change under the influence of wind.

Volcanic eruption.

The volcano throws out clouds of black ash, the wind carries it away.

Dark areas are formed, which are gradually covered with light sand.

At the next eruption, the wind changes, the contour of the spots changes.

Academician Barbashev found out how the Martian seas and deserts reflect light.

The desert reflects light as a fairly flat surface, scatters slightly.

The seas disperse much more, which means their surface is more uneven.

Fantasy on the theme that the unevenness is created by vegetation.

Sandstorms are frequent on Mars.

Footage of a sandstorm on Earth.

Vegetation breaks through the sand.

N.P. Barbashev watches Mars through a telescope.

Academician Barbashev expresses his hypothesis about the existence of life on Mars.

A snapshot of Mars.

Spring is on Earth.

Spring rolls along the Earth from the equator to the pole.

On Mars, a wave of dark spots is moving towards a warming wave, from the pole to the equator.

Terrestrial plants are rooted in moist soil, they only need warmth to wake up.

Presumably, Martian plants do not react to heat in this way, since they sit in dry soil.

Water comes from the pole from melting snow.

There is too little water on Mars for it to flow in streams, in addition, due to the thinness of the air, the moisture of the polar caps evaporates bypassing the liquid phase.

During the day, water vapor can be transported through the air, at night, due to severe frosts, it will fall out in the form of frost.

Channels of Mars.

Channels on the map of Mars.

In winter, the channels are not visible, in spring they begin to darken along with the dark areas.

At high magnification, the channels, as well as the fields, break up into separate spots.

There are no channels visible in the photos of the Mariner at all.

The principle of constructing an image in a photo.

After complex processing of the images, elongated irregularities and dark torn spots were found on the site of the channels.

Variants of hypotheses of what such spots consist of.

A grid of channels on the surface of Mars.

Drawing of deep faults of the Earth's crust.

The Martian grid was mathematically investigated by the American scientist Alan Oert.

He compared different types of grids, from the grid of dried earth to the grid of roads in Ohio.

The canal network turned out to be most similar to the highway network.

Article by academician V.F. Kuprevich.

Quote from the article.

Automatic interplanetary station Luna-9.

A cartoon showing the operation of instruments to search for living organisms on Mars.

Cartoon-a parody on the topic of instruments to search for living organisms on Mars.

A fantastic movie.

The spaceship is flying to Mars.

The lander is separated from the ship.

A dog in a spacesuit comes out of the capsule.

Panorama of the surface of Mars.

Alternation of terrestrial plants, presumably under certain conditions, withstanding the harsh conditions of Mars.

Photo of astronomer G.A. Tikhov.

Fantasies on the theme of Martian plants and an astronaut dog among them.

Photo by astronomer K. Lyubarsky.

Photo of the American biologist Salisbury.

Photo of academician V.G. Fesenkov.

Photo of Academician V.F. Kuprevich.

All of the above scientists put forward their own hypotheses about vegetation on Mars.

Fantastic shots of vegetation on Mars.

A spacecraft over Mars.

Shots with fantastic pictures of the exploration of Mars.

A supposed artificial satellite of Mars.

Map of channels on Mars.

Honeycomb.

Beaver Dam.

A map of the Earth with flight routes of birds, migration routes of eels.

Locusts.

The surface of Mars.

The ship, the lander separates from it.

A man in a spacesuit on Mars.

Sunrise on Mars.

The end of a fantastic movie.